Chapter: 7
Innovative Methods
The defluoridation and other schemes based on import of surface water described in Chapter 6 can provide limited water for drinking, but people require water for a variety of uses including agriculture and industry. Long term solutions must come from either inter basin import of water on a large scale or storage of annually renewable rain water in surface and underground reservoirs locally.
The nature has endowed the Mehsana area with excellent groundwater basin capable of storing enormous quantity of water in reserve. Over the years this reserve has been drained and needs to be refilled through a programme of fresh groundwater recharge. Unfortunately, the natural conditions of this area do not provide for large surface storage reservoirs by dam construction. The present sources of natural and artificial recharge contribute negligibly compared to the exploitation. Therefore, there is a need to provide drinking water from whichever surface reservoir that can utilised for this purpose but, provision for agricultural domestic and industrial requirements must come from innovative groundwater recharge schemes and increasing the efficiency of application.
The top alluvial cover being highly porous, and permeable, storage tanks can improve the recharge on a local scale. The tank supported recharge wells can enhance groundwater recharge significantly provided such measures are taken in large numbers. Practically all villages in the area have at least more than one sufficiently large size pond for constructing such wells. The recharge capacity can be further increased when other than rainwater supply is arranged through feeder canal network. The foothills zone along Palanpur-Kheralu-Modasa is the identified natural recharge area for the deeper confined/ semi-confined aquifers of Mehsana area. Specifically, measures must be undertaken to recharge shallow aquifers in this zone.
Tackling fluoride problem through groundwater recharge
The conventional approach is to provide de-fluoridated water for domestic use employing chemical precipitation of fluoride ions. This approach has, however, not met with much success as de-fluoridation systems require a high level of technical backup for operation and maintenance. We, therefore, need to look for innovative solutions to the problem. In the following is discussed a simple approach employing basic hydrological principles which can provide fluoride free drinking water in most parts of the country. This approach will result in developing an additional water source making each village unit self-sufficient for its most vital need.
It must be realised that the fluoride problem in most parts is of comparatively recent origin connected essentially with declining groundwater levels due to over-exploitation mainly for irrigation, resulting in virtual drying up of the shallow unconfined aquifer. This has led to exploitation of deeper aquifers which contain water of high fluoride content. Therefore, a long term solution to the fluoride problem in drinking water must involve a strategy which revives the shallow aquifers through harvesting of rain water (which is essentially fluoride-free) and its recharge into the aquifers.
Harvesting of large amounts of rain water and its recharge to underground aquifers, however, poses some practical problems related largely to the hydro-meteorological conditions prevailing in our country. In India most of the rain falls in a short rainy season of about 3 months in 4-5 concentrated spells each of 3-4 days duration, giving an average rainfall intensity of 3-4 cm/day and on occasions as high as 15-20 cm/day resulting in large runoff volumes and low infiltration rates in the natural course. It is also important to note that potential evaporation in most parts of the country is in excess of 250 cm/year. Therefore, our strategy should be to provide holding of as much water as possible and for as long as possible in surface and underground reservoirs and to accelerate the rate of groundwater recharge through artificial means.
The first step towards resolving the fluoride problem, therefore, is to develop exclusive ponds/tanks artificially (if not already existing in the vicinity of the village) to store substantial fraction of rainfall - runoff. This should be combined with a specially designed percolation wells to effect recharging of shallow unconfined aquifers. The surface storage provides holding of large part of runoff for a time sufficient to effect its recharge into shallow unconfined aquifer through percolation wells.
A percolation well is nothing new but the well-known soak pit with its top covered and the bottom opening into a shallow level permeable strata having little or no water. The water coming into the well will dissipate into the permeable formation (aquifer) through percolation/infiltration from the large surface area of the aquifer that the well intercepts. Since the storm water is laden with considerable amount of suspended silt/sand, an appropriate silt trap is provided at the entrance of the percolation well. In the present case the tank itself will serve as a silt trap. As percolation wells intercept large surface area of the permeable formation, very high recharge rates can be achieved. This has indeed been demonstrated in a percolation well constructed in the basement of a shopping complex in Maninagar, Ahmedabad during the monsoon of 1994 (Gupta and Sharma, 1995).
As a result of the very existence of the tank and the percolation well, recharging the runoff water into the shallow aquifer, even if it was dry to begin with, a local groundwater mound would develop. The water from this groundwater mound can be extracted through a shallow tubewell in the vicinity of the percolation well (10-15 m away) tapping layers which are at least 10-15 m below the bottom of the percolation well. Since this water would have travelled about 10-15 m through the aquifer, it is expected to be free of any pathogens that may have been present in the source water from the tank. It is, therefore, essential to keep the catchment area of the tank as free as possible from such human activities that may tend to pollute the water in the tank. One should also ensure through appropriate measures that the recharged water remains available for drinking purpose and not consumed for irrigation and other uses.
We thus see that a strategy involving conservation of rain water recharge through short term surface storage (3-4 months) coupled with long term aquifer storage resulting in purification through traversal within the aquifer, can provide an annually renewable fluoride free drinking water source in most regions of the country. Since drinking water needs in terms of volume are small but require a high purity source, we believe that the simple strategy outlined above will make each village self-sufficient in this regard.
A pilot project proposal for tackling fluoride problem in Mehsana district based on groundwater recharge
Balisana is a typical village in the Mehsana area where drinking water problem has become very acute due to high levels of fluoride (5-7 ppm) in groundwaters. We propose to take a demonstration project in this village employing the hydrological approach outlined above to provide sufficient water for an estimated total human (12,000) and cattle (3,000) population of 15,000.
We now submit a pilot project to operationalise the above concepts for providing an effective solution to tackle the fluoride problem in drinking water in village Balisana in Patan Taluka of Mehsana district.
The project
The village Panchayat proposes to increase the storage capacity of the village tank by deepening it to an average depth of about 3m. Assuming the runoff to be about one-third of the rainfall (i.e. 0.33 x 0.6m = 0.2 m) the total runoff inflow from the estimated 5 km2 area (of the catchment) into the tank will be about 1 million cubic metres (= 5 x 106 m2 x 0.2 m). But the total storage capacity in the tank even after deepening will be only 9 x 104 m3.(=3 x 104 m2 x 3 m), say 1 x 105 m3. Since the runoff inflow is an order of magnitude larger than the storage capacity of the tank, even after deepening, considerable over-flow will continue. The strategy should, therefore, be to divert the runoff inflow to the tank into the subsurface reservoir to the extent of 3-4 times the storage capacity of the tank during 3-4 months of the rainy season. This is also necessary from the estimated annual drinking water requirement of the village (assuming drinking and domestic requirement of 50 litre per capita per day and the same amount for a cattle) estimated to be 2.75 x 105 m3 (=15,000 x 50 lit x 365 days), say 3 x 105 m3.
To divert 3 x 105 m3 of water into the shallow aquifer within a period of about 100 days, one must design recharge/percolation wells that can handle this quantity of water. Considering the availability of land, the need to avoid hydraulic interface between the recharge wells and the cost of constructing a recharge well, it may not be feasible to have more than 10 recharge wells, necessitating an average recharge rate in excess of 200 litre per minute per well for about 100 days in a year under gravity flow conditions. Additionally, we also require shallow wells for abstraction of water from the recharged shallow aquifer. These may be located about 100 m away from the recharge wells in the direction of groundwater flow. This would enable filtration of the recharged water through flow within the aquifer. We may need about 5 such wells for water abstraction with yield in excess of 400 litre per minute. In case it is found that the required recharge/ abstraction rates are not obtained, both the percolation as well as the abstraction wells may be converted into dug-cum-bore type of wells having a bore well at the bottom of the percolation well, penetrating the entire thickness of the second aquifer in the region in the depth range 30-35 m.
It may be preferable to have identical design for the recharge and abstraction wells so that there is a flexibility of using most of the wells for recharging purpose during the monsoon in case excess runoff water is available or else some of the wells do not function properly. The village is already planning to contribute a sum of Rs. 18 lakh towards the excavation for deepening of the tank and for laying 1.5 km long pipeline from the tank to the village as well as for construction of stand-posts and the distribution system.
Clearly, without making use of the subsurface reservoir space for storage of a large fraction of runoff, their efforts will benefit only marginally. This is because of evaporation losses from the surface storage as well as the maximum storage of the tank which can supply only one third of the total water requirement of the village.
The additional cost of providing recharge/pumping wells is estimated to be about Rs. 30 lakh at the rate of Rs. 2 lakh per well (see Table 11). It may be noted that the additional expense of Rs. 30 lakh will augment the water availability to the village by about 5 times, free from fluoride and other impurities to which the surface storage may be susceptible. The rejuvenation of the shallow aquifer system will also ensure water supply even during the drought years.
The recovery of the recharged water is likely to be a small fraction (about 30%) in the beginning but will progressively increase in subsequent years reaching a value of 70-80% in 3-4 years. In a way this would help to cope up with the demand as the population of the village increases.
Around each well one or two piezometers (5-10 cm diameter and 35-40 m depth) will be constructed for measuring changes in the water level/ water quality after commissioning of the percolation wells. The water quality of the deeper aquifers will also be monitored periodically employing the existing tubewells to ascertain the possible changes in water quality resulting from induced leakage through the semi-permeable (aquitard) layers.
Percolation well design
Figure 17 gives the conceptual design of the percolation well being proposed for recharging of storm water. The actual design at any given location will vary to some extent depending on the depth/ thickness of the first permeable horizon. The various components of this structure and their functions are briefly described below against the serial number marked in the Figure 17.
Project implementation
Water Resources Research Foundation (WRRF) will be the nodal agency providing technical consultancy and the financial management of the project. The civil construction work and linkages with the village Panchayat would be through a voluntary agency operating in the project area. This could be either the Utthan trust or Dudh-Sagar Dairy at Mehsana. Both these agencies have strong linkages with the villages in the area. Our initial contact with the villagers has been made through Utthan.
The proposed project is of a pilot nature, based on experimental studies conducted in similar hydrological setting in the neighbouring Ahmedabad district. It merely represents enhancing the scope of earlier studies. The WRRF scientists associated with this project have the necessary technical expertise.
Project costs
The cost of construction of a percolation well is estimated to be approx. Rs. 200,000/-.(see Table 11). Out of this Rs. 30,000/- has been earmarked for post-construction monitoring, which involves construction of piezometers, monitoring of groundwater levels and water quality sample analyses in the
Table-11: Estimate (in Rs.) for one 6.5 m diameter, 9 m deep brick masonry Percolation Well
|
Item No. |
Description |
Quantity |
Rate (Rs.) Per Unit |
Amount |
|
1 |
Excavation upto 3.00m |
212.65m3 |
35 |
7,440 |
|
2. |
Excavation from 3m to 9m |
286.70m3 |
42 |
12,040 |
|
3. |
1:4:8 C.C. |
6.67m3 |
960 |
6,400 |
|
4. |
Brick masonry in cubic metres |
77.75m3 |
640 |
49,760 |
|
5. |
RCC slab 10 cm thick 15 cm thick |
37.68m2 40.71m2 |
325 480 |
12,250 19,540 |
|
6. |
Manhole |
1 No. |
1,000 |
1,000 |
|
7. |
Stair-steps |
Lump. |
2,400 |
2,400 |
|
8. |
Carting of earth |
500m3 |
15 |
7,500 |
|
9. |
Sub-Total (1 - 8) |
|
|
1,18,330 |
|
10 |
5% Contingencies |
|
|
5,915 |
|
11 |
Sub-Total (9 - 10) |
|
|
1,24,245 |
|
12 |
Additional cost of cross drain |
Lump |
|
20,000 |
|
13 |
Post-construction monitoring |
Lump |
|
30,000 |
|
14 |
Sub Total (11 - 13) |
|
|
1,74,245 |
|
15 |
15% Administrative costs |
|
|
26,135 |
|
16 |
Total Cost (14 - 15) |
|
|
2,00,380 Say 2,00,000 |
(to be contributed by the villagers)
Funding requested under this proposal Rs. 48,00,000
vicinity of the percolation well. It also includes the travelling costs. The cost of 15 percolation wells proposed to be constructed under this project will therefore be about Rs. 30,00,000/- i.e. Rs. 3 million. It may be emphasised here that this component though 63% of the total cost of the village tank deepening, construction of percolation well and water distribution, will increase the water availability by 500% in an assured manner.
As already stated, the area has no surface water source nearby which can alternatively be developed. Groundwater in this region is already over-exploited and has high fluoride content. Therefore, the only other option is long distance transport of potable water from some surface irrigation reservoir through a pipeline. To be economically viable, such an approach requires the beneficiary village to become part of a regional water supply scheme wherein the villagers per se have no role to play. The current estimates for a regional water supply scheme are Rs. 250/- per capita towards capital expenditure at the rate of 40 litres per capita per day, which works out to be Rs. 30 lakh (12,000 x 250) for Balisana village.
In conclusion, it may be worth mentioning that a satisfactory resolution of the excess fluoride problem in drinking water, using storm water runoff for groundwater recharge of shallow aquifers as advocated in this chapter would additionally lead to (1) small saving in groundwater presently used in irrigation and, (2) over a period of few years, some induced recharge to deeper aquifers through leakage via intervening aquiclude layers. We also visualise a study improvement in groundwater recharge technology so that it will be possible to recharge larger amounts of storm runoff even for non-potable applications. Ultimately, the long term solution to the water problem of the region lies in conservation of rain water, both in surface and subsurface reservoirs and, renovation and reuse of waste water.
Appendix 1 Village-Wise
Distribution Of Fluoride In Drinking Water In Mehsana District, Gujarat,
India.
(Source: Gujarat
Water Supply and Sewrage Board (GWSSB), Feb. 1997.)
|
Sr.No. |
Village |
Fluoride (ppm) |
Sr.No. |
Village |
Fluoride (ppm) |
|
Taluka: Siddhpur |
|||||
|
1 |
Surpara |
2.63 |
35. |
Vaghana |
2.30 |
|
2. |
Dabhi |
3.15 |
36. |
Rasulpur |
2.15 |
|
3 |
Sinhi |
2.57 |
37. |
Metrana |
2.30 |
|
4. |
Sunok |
2.35 |
38. |
Kunwara |
2.45 |
|
5. |
Tandav |
2.42 |
39. |
Kaliyana |
3.00 |
|
6. |
Amudh |
3.15 |
40. |
Nadioda |
4.00 |
|
7. |
Maktupur |
2.72 |
41. |
Dashawada |
2.15 |
|
8. |
Varwada |
2.57 |
42. |
Kaleda |
2.70 |
|
9. |
Visoi |
3.00 |
43. |
Gangalasan |
1.90 |
|
10. |
Chandalaj |
2.87 |
44. |
Umaru |
2.45 |
|
11. |
Lindi |
2.65 |
45. |
Khandivasana |
1.90 |
|
12. |
Khasana |
4.25 |
46. |
Kakaroli |
2.45 |
|
13. |
Vanasan |
2.72 |
47. |
Kandrol |
2.20 |
|
14. |
Brahmanvada |
4.70 |
48. |
Methan |
1.90 |
|
15. |
Khadosan |
4.85 |
49. |
Mundwada |
2.20 |
|
16. |
Maherwada |
2.87 |
50. |
Ghumad |
2.30 |
|
17. |
Bhanav |
3.15 |
51. |
Vagarol |
2.30 |
|
18. |
Dasaj |
3.17 |
52. |
Panchakwada |
1.82 |
|
19. |
Ethor |
2.05 |
53. |
Sujanpura |
3.80 |
|
20. |
Bhankhar |
2.70 |
54. |
Sedrana |
2.05 |
|
21. |
Ranchhodpura |
1.82 |
55. |
Dungrivasan |
3.40 |
|
22. |
Upera |
2.70 |
56. |
Unava |
3.40 |
|
23. |
Karanpura |
3.16 |
57. |
Bihya |
3.16 |
|
24. |
Hakipur |
2.77 |
58. |
Kamali |
2.77 |
|
25. |
Valagana |
4.65 |
59. |
Lihoda |
3.17 |
|
26. |
Karah |
3.32 |
60. |
Chandrasan |
1.72 |
|
27. |
Mudana |
4.75 |
61. |
Dhanwada |
3.95 |
|
28. |
Kot |
2.00 |
62. |
Lavara |
3.95 |
|
29. |
Kholwada |
2.77 |
63. |
Lajpur |
3.16 |
|
30. |
Nandotri |
2.22 |
64. |
Sandesari |
4.45 |
|
31. |
Varsila |
2.45 |
65. |
Karan |
3.10 |
|
32. |
Sevalam |
4.67 |
66. |
Hisaor |
4.55 |
|
33. |
Thakarsan |
2.05 |
67. |
Kahoda |
2.30 |
|
34. |
Tavadra |
2.62 |
68. |
Dethali |
1.70 |
|
Taluka: Sami |
|||||
|
1. |
Dadaka |
1.88 |
11. |
Kadarwada |
2.00 |
|
2. |
Sikarya |
|
12. |
Mardanganj |
2.50 |
|
3. |
Mahamadpur |
3.75 |
13. |
Memana |
2.63 |
|
4. |
Korchadiya |
2.50 |
14. |
Varana |
2.54 |
|
5. |
Jayaramnagar |
4.50 |
15. |
Dhadhana |
2.48 |
|
6. |
Ranawada |
2.38 |
16. |
Mota Jorawarpura |
2.48 |
|
7. |
Mubarakpura |
2.75 |
17. |
Nam chandur |
2.54 |
|
8. |
Rasulpura |
6.25 |
18. |
Lalpur |
2.54 |
|
9. |
Dantisana |
2.00 |
19. |
Khakhal |
2.24 |
|
10. |
Nana Jorawarpura |
2.25 |
|
||
|
Sr.No. |
Village |
Fluoride (ppm) |
Sr.No. |
Village |
Fluoride (ppm) |
|
Taluka: Patan |
|||||
|
1. |
Mithi Vavadi |
2.12 |
52. |
Dabhadi |
2.52 |
|
2. |
Khoniyana |
2.92 |
53. |
Malpur |
2.45 |
|
3. |
Mohamadpura |
2.92 |
54. |
Kani |
1.90 |
|
4. |
Gadosan |
2.50 |
55. |
Visal vasna |
1.67 |
|
5. |
Hampura |
2.92 |
56. |
Mesni |
1.65 |
|
6. |
Sabosan |
2.92 |
57. |
Vasani |
1.90 |
|
7. |
Katpur |
2.50 |
58. |
Jaska |
1.90 |
|
8. |
Raipur |
2.37 |
59. |
Sivol |
1.65 |
|
9. |
Shankhari |
2.35 |
60. |
Sanodarda |
1.65 |
|
10. |
Gaja |
2.12 |
61. |
Gulvasana |
3.40 |
|
11. |
Norta |
2.92 |
62. |
Matarwadi |
2.05 |
|
12. |
Sarva |
2.95 |
63. |
Diyodarda |
2.60 |
|
13. |
Khatpur |
2.57 |
64. |
Lothpur |
1.82 |
|
14. |
Ambabvasana |
2.27 |
65. |
Babasana |
2.30 |
|
15. |
Mamund |
2.72 |
66. |
Samoda |
2.15 |
|
16. |
Sander |
2.92 |
67. |
Hamidpur |
3.25 |
|
17. |
Ranuj |
2.75 |
68. |
Khalipur |
2.45 |
|
18. |
Bahasana |
2.07 |
69. |
Ambavada |
2.92 |
|
19. |
Mota Ramasda |
1.90 |
70 |
Sardarpur Norta |
2.24 |
|
20. |
Nana Ramasda |
2.57 |
71. |
Kamaliwada |
2.80 |
|
21. |
Santi |
2.05 |
72. |
Vamaiya |
2.50 |
|
22. |
Degah |
2.50 |
73. |
Hajipur |
1.50 |
|
23. |
Dharpur |
2.95 |
74. |
Manpur |
3.60 |
|
24. |
Mandotri |
3.15 |
75. |
Jangral |
2.46 |
|
25. |
Hansapur |
4.70 |
76. |
Vacheli |
2.68 |
|
26. |
Borsan |
2.42 |
77. |
Dhamasana |
2.24 |
|
27. |
Chandrasan |
2.35 |
78. |
Navapura |
3.00 |
|
28. |
Der |
2.27 |
79. |
Digadi |
2.10 |
|
29. |
Derasan |
2.75 |
80. |
Koladhi |
1.70 |
|
30. |
Muna |
2.95 |
81. |
Jaleshwar Paladi |
1.72 |
|
31. |
Ajuja |
2.50 |
82. |
Anavada |
3.35 |
|
32. |
Bhatsan |
2.72 |
83. |
Badipur |
1.98 |
|
33. |
Amarpura |
1.82 |
84. |
Khamiyana |
2.92 |
|
34. |
Khareda |
1.90 |
85. |
Memadnagar |
2.92 |
|
35. |
Koita |
1.67 |
86. |
Vadu |
1.70 |
|
36. |
Delwada |
3.00 |
87. |
Khanthrati |
2.08 |
|
37. |
Khodana |
1.60 |
88. |
Dehyathara |
2.20 |
|
38. |
Rampura |
2.15 |
89. |
Veloda |
1.70 |
|
39. |
Golowada |
3.17 |
90. |
Raghunathpura |
1.70 |
|
40. |
Ganeshpura |
3.35 |
91. |
Dhanasara |
7.20 |
|
41. |
Dhamasan |
5.85 |
92. |
Vadiya |
1.70 |
|
42. |
Khaladi |
2.30 |
93. |
Utavada |
5.30 |
|
43. |
Paladi |
1.75 |
94. |
Bhilvan |
1.70 |
|
44. |
Khari vavadi |
2.62 |
95. |
Samalpati |
2.44 |
|
45. |
Babipur |
2.62 |
96. |
Gugalpati |
3.55 |
|
46. |
Bhadara |
4.75 |
97. |
Golapur |
2.34 |
|
47. |
KhanpurRajkuva |
2.22 |
98. |
Chandrasana |
2.88 |
|
48. |
Bhalgam |
2.22 |
99. |
Navabavahaji |
1.64 |
|
49. |
Fulesana |
2.22 |
100. |
Sagodiva |
1.70 |
|
50. |
Kungher |
1.60 |
101. |
Ranu |
1.64 |
|
51. |
Pah |
2.36 |
|
||
|
Sr.No. |
Village |
Fluoride (ppm) |
Sr.No. |
Village |
Fluoride (ppm) |
|
Taluka: Kheralu |
|||||
|
1. |
Chachariva |
2.35 |
57. |
Bhama |
4.10 |
|
2. |
Balupura |
2.95 |
58. |
Kolauma Mota |
6.30 |
|
3. |
Manekbhava |
3.00 |
59. |
Kolauma Nana |
6.30 |
|
4. |
Nartol |
1.75 |
60 |
Bhalumoti |
3.32 |
|
5. |
Mandali |
2.50 |
61. |
Unaari |
3.32 |
|
6. |
Manchha |
2.72 |
62 |
Hansvad |
1.75 |
|
7. |
Vithoda |
1.75 |
63. |
Chhabaliya |
2.00 |
|
8. |
Balad |
1.90 |
64. |
Kahipur |
1.90 |
|
9. |
Malekpur |
2.72 |
65 |
Mirzapur |
1.82 |
|
10, |
Dhanpur |
3.30 |
66. |
Karbatiya |
1.82 |
|
11. |
Mandropur |
1.79 |
67. |
Pipaldar |
1.90 |
|
12. |
Fatehpur |
2.27 |
68. |
Untai |
1.90 |
|
13. |
Vanchhol |
1.79 |
69. |
Shahpur (Val) |
4.60 |
|
14. |
Dabhed |
1.90 |
70. |
Sultanpur |
2.30 |
|
15. |
Rasulpur |
2.35 |
71. |
Raipur vad |
2.30 |
|
16. |
Jamora |
1.87 |
72. |
Hajipur |
1.67 |
|
17. |
Adipur |
1.87 |
73. |
Malekpur vad |
2.30 |
|
18. |
Ambavadi |
2.57 |
74. |
Navapura |
2.52 |
|
19. |
Khadasana |
2.65 |
75. |
Champa |
2.60 |
|
20. |
Karshanpura |
5.15 |
76. |
Waghvalijam |
2.30 |
|
21. |
Dabu |
1.82 |
77. |
Waghvadi Navi |
1.60 |
|
22. |
Unam |
1.90 |
78. |
Limbdi |
2.02 |
|
23. |
Madhasana |
2.72 |
79. |
Khari |
2.82 |
|
24. |
Aspa (Juna) |
2.62 |
80. |
Moti Hirvani |
2.04 |
|
25. |
Amanpura |
2.12 |
81. |
Semor |
2.00 |
|
26. |
Chada |
2.42 |
82. |
Bhalu nani |
1.62 |
|
27. |
Badarpura |
4.40 |
83. |
Fatehpur gadh |
1.98 |
|
28. |
Sipor |
3.37 |
84. |
Jaspura |
1.78 |
|
29. |
Khanpur |
5.90 |
85. |
Nigampura |
1.98 |
|
30. |
Sagathala |
1.72 |
86 |
Davol |
1.98 |
|
31. |
Waghvadi |
3.07 |
87. |
Malarpur |
2.32 |
|
32. |
Gorisana |
1.62 |
88. |
Jaska |
1.60 |
|
33. |
Dabhoda |
1.90 |
89. |
Sudasana |
3.60 |
|
34. |
Hadol |
1.90 |
90. |
Bedasma |
3.16 |
|
35. |
Khodamani |
4.80 |
91. |
Vasai |
3.16 |
|
36. |
Vavdi |
1.75 |
92. |
Undhai |
2.18 |
|
37. |
Delwada |
4.00 |
93. |
Lunava |
2,40 |
|
38. |
Chotivav |
5.05 |
94. |
Sahpur |
2.61 |
|
39. |
Lilavada |
4.00 |
95. |
Namwada |
2.56 |
|
40. |
Malapur |
2.77 |
96. |
Kherpur (Naniwada) |
1.80 |
|
41. |
Godhaman |
2.15 |
97. |
Rahenmanpura |
3.15 |
|
42. |
Arthi |
2.15 |
98. |
Sekhpur |
6.50 |
|
43. |
Mahebubpura |
3.17 |
99. |
Bajpura |
2.15 |
|
44. |
Mahival |
2.77 |
100. |
Jotipura |
2.23 |
|
45. |
Khilod |
1.97 |
101 |
Dholu |
1.75 |
|
46. |
Rinchhada |
3.32 |
102 |
Ranpur |
2.03 |
|
47. |
Latwas |
2.52 |
103. |
Sindhaiya |
1.80 |
|
48. |
Himatpura |
1.97 |
104. |
Vamsada |
2.10 |
|
49. |
Shahpura |
1.82 |
105. |
Kabada |
2.10 |
|
50 |
Timba |
2.15 |
106. |
Nedarati |
4.60 |
|
51. |
Ankleshwar |
2.22 |
107 |
Sardarpura |
2.50 |
|
52. |
Sartanpura |
2.00 |
108. |
Umrecha |
4.80 |
|
Sr.No. |
Village |
Fluoride (ppm) |
Sr.No. |
Village |
Fluoride (ppm) |
|
53. |
Samarapur |
2.90 |
109. |
Takhatpura |
1.68 |
|
54 |
Gothada |
2.34 |
110 |
Valosana |
6.25 |
|
55 |
Majapur |
2.40 |
111. |
Dedasan |
1.84 |
|
56 |
Jijamansa |
3.11 |
|
||
|
Taluka: Harij |
|||||
|
1. |
Jamanpur |
4.66 |
11. |
Toranipur |
1.96 |
|
2. |
Gojara |
4.81 |
12. |
Ramnagar |
2.20 |
|
3. |
Jasomat |
4.60 |
13. |
Vejavada |
3.45 |
|
4. |
Khakhar |
5.80 |
14. |
Kalana |
3.30 |
|
5. |
Jasvantpur |
2.30 |
15. |
Ganeshpura |
2.10 |
|
6. |
Navakalana |
2.30 |
16. |
Datarwada |
1.88 |
|
7. |
JunaKalana |
1.66 |
17. |
Tambodiva |
1.54 |
|
8. |
Piluvada |
2.18 |
18. |
Barotwada |
1.74 |
|
9. |
Naranpura |
1.60 |
19. |
Sankara |
3.75 |
|
10. |
Balana |
12.75 |
20. |
Roda |
2.48 |
|
Taluka: Chanasma |
|||||
|
1. |
Pondharpur |
1.60 |
36. |
Jitoda |
2.22 |
|
2. |
Shelavi |
1.78 |
37. |
Sardarpura |
1.75 |
|
3. |
Palaspur |
1.82 |
38. |
Jasalpur |
1.90 |
|
4. |
Dhanodarda |
2.20 |
39. |
Ziha vasana |
2.40 |
|
5. |
Mitha Dharva |
2.20 |
40. |
Kamalpur |
1.90 |
|
6. |
Khara Dharva |
2.37 |
41. |
Bhalgamada |
1.82 |
|
7. |
Dant Karoda |
2.60 |
42. |
Soduthala |
1.82 |
|
8. |
Lanwa |
1.75 |
43. |
Ranela |
1.82 |
|
9. |
Multhaniya |
2.37 |
44. |
Jetpur |
2.16 |
|
10. |
Adrwada |
2.37 |
45. |
Ganbhu |
1.97 |
|
11. |
Vwenpura |
2.15 |
46. |
Vijapurda |
1.75 |
|
12. |
Sampawada |
1.82 |
47. |
Modhera |
1.71 |
|
13. |
Suraj |
1.58 |
48. |
Delpura-Khant |
1.72 |
|
14. |
Ambala |
2.62 |
49. |
Roda |
4.26 |
|
15. |
Kakasana |
1.67 |
50. |
Dodowada |
4.45 |
|
16. |
Dhinoj |
2.00 |
51. |
Sunrat |
2.22 |
|
17. |
Bhatsar |
2.15 |
52. |
Merwada |
- |
|
18. |
Brahmanwada |
1.82 |
53. |
Dharpura |
2.60 |
|
19. |
Bhatvasana |
2.30 |
54. |
Vadavali |
2.15 |
|
20. |
Pipal |
2.37 |
55. |
Chamochha |
2.15 |
|
21. |
Sarsav |
2.52 |
56. |
Panchasar |
2.05 |
|
22. |
Vasai |
3.00 |
57. |
Mesara |
2.05 |
|
23. |
Finchal |
1.67 |
58. |
Ajanpura |
1.80 |
|
24. |
Ganget |
2.85 |
59. |
Khokhala |
2.30 |
|
25. |
Keshvi |
2.77 |
60. |
Mamyara |
2.30 |
|
26. |
Ziha |
1.90 |
61. |
Takodi |
1.95 |
|
27. |
Ruppur |
1.90 |
62. |
Dharpura-Khat |
2.72 |
|
28. |
Sepa |
1.61 |
63. |
Rantej |
1.78 |
|
29. |
Gola vasana |
2.00 |
64. |
Sathawada |
1.45 |
|
30. |
Kamboi |
1.60 |
65. |
Endala |
1.65 |
|
31. |
Sendhal |
1.75 |
66. |
Rampura |
1.70 |
|
32. |
Mandlop |
2.15 |
67. |
Khari Ghariyal |
1.70 |
|
33. |
Gaveh |
2.22 |
68. |
Chandoda |
2.10 |
|
34. |
Ganasar |
2.15 |
69. |
Sankhalpur |
3.45 |
|
35. |
Dhanodarda |
2.30 |
70. |
Finchadi |
1.70 |
|
Sr.No. |
Village |
Fluoride (ppm) |
Sr.No. |
Village |
Fluoride (ppm) |
|
Taluka: Kalol |
|||||
|
1. |
Dhanaj |
2.50 |
4. |
Mubarakpura (Balwa) |
1.85 |
|
2. |
Saij |
2.20 |
5. |
Ganapatpura |
1.75 |
|
3. |
Jaspur |
1.70 |
|
||
|
Taluka: Mehsana |
|||||
|
1. |
Jakasana |
2.49 |
3. |
Manknaj |
2.30 |
|
2. |
Butta Paladi |
2.40 |
4. |
Rampura |
2.28 |
|
Taluka: Kadi |
|||||
|
1. |
Aldesan |
2.10 |
38. |
Digdi |
1.70 |
|
2. |
Jasalpur |
2.20 |
39. |
Ovanpur (Sonwad) |
2.58 |
|
3. |
Fatehsan |
2.54 |
40. |
Kaswa |
3.35 |
|
4. |
Dangarwa |
2.11 |
41. |
Mokasan |
3.50 |
|
5. |
Anandpur |
2.10 |
42. |
Sarsav |
3.75 |
|
6. |
Nandasan |
2.60 |
43. |
Adudara |
3.75 |
|
7. |
Laxmanpura |
2.20 |
44. |
Visalpur |
3.75 |
|
8. |
Suraj |
2.20 |
45. |
Irana |
3.20 |
|
9. |
Jorpura |
2.70 |
46. |
Indrad |
3.90 |
|
10. |
Chandarda |
2.10 |
47. |
Kundal |
3.20 |
|
11. |
Vadu |
2.11 |
48. |
Babajipura |
3.55 |
|
12. |
Naroda |
2.10 |
49. |
Narshnhpura |
3.15 |
|
13. |
Nagarsan |
2.20 |
50. |
Nambadi |
3.75 |
|
14. |
Jadavpura |
2.20 |
51. |
Vejalpura |
3.45 |
|
15. |
Asjol |
2.40 |
52. |
Galodara |
3.55 |
|
16. |
Karannagar |
2.10 |
53. |
Ghughala |
3.40 |
|
17. |
Fuletra |
2.10 |
54. |
Daran Morwa |
4.85 |
|
18. |
Shivapura |
2.40 |
55. |
Manipur |
4.45 |
|
19. |
Dudhaj |
2.40 |
56. |
Karsanpura |
4.85 |
|
20. |
Korada |
2.70 |
57. |
Mehla |
3.90 |
|
21. |
Vadali |
2.10 |
58. |
Kolad |
4.83 |
|
22. |
Adaraj |
2.02 |
59. |
Kusmanpura |
4.80 |
|
23. |
Thor |
2.54 |
60. |
Medha |
3.75 |
|
24. |
Harvad |
2.24 |
61. |
Khanderavpura |
4.50 |
|
25. |
Saladi |
2.70 |
62. |
Laxmanpura |
3.75 |
|
26. |
Maharajpura |
2.24 |
63. |
Untava |
3.00 |
|
27. |
Vinayakpura |
2.24 |
64. |
Kalvanpura |
2.20 |
|
28. |
Jamiyatpura |
2.30 |
65. |
Thadod |
3.00 |
|
29. |
Jeshangpura |
2.70 |
66. |
Raipur |
5.40 |
|
30. |
Nadan |
2.02 |
67. |
Balasar |
5.05 |
|
31. |
Chandrasan |
2.24 |
68. |
Sedardi |
5.40 |
|
32. |
Jasvantpura |
2.70 |
69. |
Daran |
5.00 |
|
33. |
Kalvanpura |
2.10 |
70. |
Vekara |
4.15 |
|
34. |
Thor |
2.54 |
71. |
Kanajari |
5.60 |
|
35. |
Chalesana |
2.10 |
72. |
Kherrpur |
2.25 |
|
36. |
Movan |
2.20 |
73. |
Dundala |
3.14 |
|
37. |
Dhandralpur |
2.42 |
74. |
Kamalapura |
1.78 |
|
Taluka: Visnagar |
|||||
|
1. |
Satusana |
2.00 |
10. |
Gunja |
1.82 |
|
2. |
Tarabh |
2.20 |
11. |
Bokarwada |
2.02 |
|
3. |
Rampura |
1.75 |
12. |
Kansa |
1.58 |
|
4. |
Basara |
1.75 |
13. |
Sushi |
0.80 |
|
Sr.No. |
Village |
Fluoride (ppm) |
Sr.No. |
Village |
Fluoride (ppm) |
|
5. |
Denap |
2.00 |
14. |
Kharasada |
1.67 |
|
6. |
Chhogala |
1.75 |
15. |
Valam |
1.67 |
|
7. |
Umata |
1.75 |
16. |
Paladi |
1.60 |
|
8. |
Mohamadpura |
1.75 |
17. |
Kaji Alivasana |
1.60 |
|
9. |
Khadalpur |
2.30 |
|
||
|
Taluka: Vijapur |
|||||
|
1. |
|
2.5 |
18. |
Delvad |
2.15 |
|
2. |
Pedhamali |
2.22 |
19. |
Hathipura |
3.00 |
|
3. |
Soja |
1.97 |
20. |
Ajol |
3.00 |
|
4. |
Aglod |
2.15 |
21. |
Kotada |
1.95 |
|
5. |
Gorhada |
3.00 |
22. |
Mundali |
1.95 |
|
6. |
Hirpura |
2.20 |
23. |
Ambasana |
2.35 |
|
7. |
Ganeshpura |
2.10 |
24. |
Morvad |
1.75 |
|
8. |
Devepura |
2.72 |
25. |
Kharod |
2.75 |
|
9. |
Mahudi |
2.42 |
26. |
Kolavda |
1.90 |
|
10. |
Dharpura |
2.12 |
27. |
Biliya |
1.75 |
|
11. |
Malav |
2.12 |
28. |
Falu |
2.90 |
|
12. |
Anodiya |
2.60 |
29. |
Ranchhodpura |
2.19 |
|
13. |
Gunna |
2.60 |
30. |
Rampura |
4.21 |
|
14. |
Lakaroda |
2.60 |
31. |
Vajapur |
4.04 |
|
15. |
Delvada |
2.52 |
32. |
Ambod |
1.66 |
|
16. |
Kasabh |
2.12 |
33. |
Bamroda |
2.30 |
|
17. |
Bamanava |
1.65 |
|
||